NARRATIVE TEXT - (PLUS CONTOH UPDATE)

Belajar bahasa Inggris di tingkat menengah, baik itu SMP ataupun SMA, kini tidak akan lepas dari pelajaran "wajib" tentang narrative text. Dalam pelajaran ini, siswa biasanya dituntut untuk bisa menceritakan sebuah kisah, dongeng ataupun cerita dalam bentuk tulisan.

Meski "storytelling" adalah salah satu komponen spoken English yang sekaligus meramaikan pelajaran ini, narrative text nyatanya lebih dominan diajarkan dalam bentuk tulisan, memahami generic structure sebuah cerita, ataupun menganalisa karakter, latar, ataupun alur cerita narrative.

Perlu diketahui bahwa narrative text, dalam mata kuliah writing and composition biasanya disebut narration, adalah salah satu jenis teks dalam sebuah bahasa sastra. Biasanya, narrative text (teks naratif) berisi tentang cerita--baik cerita fiksi, cerita non-fiksi, dongeng, cerita rakyat, cerita binatang / fabel dll, pokoknya semua hal tentang cerita ya narrative namanya... :-)

Mengacu pada keterangan di atas, contoh - contoh narrative text sebenarnya sudah banyak diterbitkan dalam blog ini, seperti :

1. Cerita Bahasa Inggris berisi kumpulan kisah / cerita rakyat bahasa Inggris yang melegenda di bumi nusantara Indonesia.
2. Dongeng Bahasa Inggris Pilihan berisi kumpulan dongeng-dongeng terkenal baik di dunia ataupun di Indonesia.
3. Cerita Binatang / Fabel Bahasa Inggris berisi kumpulan cerita tentang hewan atau disebut juga "fable" terpopuler.
4. Cerita Nabi berbahasa Inggris Pendek berisi cerita naratif islami tentang Nabi dan Rasul dalam bahasa Inggris.

Silahkan klik link-link di atas untuk memilih contoh narrative text pilihan anda sendiri. Sangat tidak sulit kan?

Sekarang sedikit serius, karena akan menjurus pada penjelasan, oke...

Pengertian Narrative Text

Disebutkan bahwa A narrative text is an imaginative story to entertain people (teks narasi adalah cerita imaginatif yang bertujuan menghibur orang). 

Jika melihat pada kamus bahasa Inggris, secara harfiah narrative bermakna (1) a spoken or written account of connected events; a story. (2) the narrated part of a literary work, as distinct from dialogue. (3) the practice or art of narration. 

Cerita Narrative Text

(Narrative bermakna : 1. sebuah cerita baik terucap atau tertulis tentang peristiwa-peristiwa yang berhubungan. 2. bagian yang diceritakan dalam sebuah karya sastra, berbeda dengan dialog. 3. Praktik atau seni bercerita)

Jika disimpulkan, maka sebuah narrative text adalah teks yang berisi sebuah cerita baik tertulis ataupun tidak tertulis dan terdapat rangkaian peristiwa yang saling terhubung.

Generic Structure dari Narrative Text

Bagi sobat yang masih duduk di bangku sekolah tingkat menengah, penjelasan mengenai narrative texts tak usah sulit-sulit ya.. Intinya, narrative text ini mempunyai struktur / susunan seperti di bawah ini : 

• Orientation : It is about the opening paragraph where the characters of the story are introduced.(berisi pengenalan tokoh, tempat dan waktu terjadinya cerita (siapa atau apa, kapan dan dimana) 

• Complication : Where the problems in the story developed. (Permasalahan muncul / mulai terjadi dan berkembang)

• Resolution : Where the problems in the story is solved. Masalah selesai, --- secara baik "happy ending" ataupun buruk "bad ending".

Kadangkala susunan (generic structure) narrative text bisa berisi: Orientation, Complication, Evaluation, Resolution dan Reorientation. Meski “Evaluation” dan “Reorientation” merupakan optional; bisa ditambahkan dan bisa tidak. Evaluation berisi penilaian/evaluasi terhadap jalannya cerita atau konflik. Sedangkan Reorientation berisi penyimpulan isi akhir cerita.

Jika sudah mahir membuat cerita narrative, susunannya bisa diubah-ubah kok, yang terpenting bagian-bagian di atas masih tetap ada dalam tulisan narrative sobat. 

Grammar Used dalam Narrative Text

Grammar (tata bahasa) yang sering muncul dalam membuat narrative text adalah:

Menggunakan tenses "Past", baik simple, past perfect, past continuous, past perfect continuous, atau bisa saja past future continuous. (aturan ini bukan aturan wajib yang mutlak harus dipenuhi kok. Tidak percaya, tanyakan pada guru bahasa Inggris sobat)

Untuk lebih jelasnya, lihat contohnya di bawah ini :

Contoh Narrative Text (1)

Sincere Will Get a Great Return

Once upon a time, there was a kingdom named Auretto, all people lived peacefully there. One of them was Charlita, the king’s daughter who was assumed as the most beautiful and kindest Princess of Auretto.

One day, Charlita looked blue. Because of that her father got confused. “What’s the matter my beautiful daughter? Why are you so sad?” asked King Fernando. Charlita was just silent. She did not say anything.

Then, King Fernando decided to make a competition to cheer Charlita again. After that, the palace representative announce: “I will make a competition. The aim is to make my daughter, Princess Charlita to be happy and laugh again. Everyone who can do it, will get a prize. It will be held tomorrow when the sun rises. Sign: King Fernando.”

The following morning, everybody came to the palace, tried to give their best performance. They seemed happy and laugh, but not for Princess Charlita. She was just silent and still looked sad.

King Fernando started to give up. No one amused his daughter. Then, there came a young handsome man. “Excuse me King Fernando. I would like to join your competition. But, would you mind if I took Princess Charlita for a walk?” said the young man gently. “As long as you make my daughter be happy again, it will totally alright.” said King Fernando. The young handsome man took Princess Charlita for a walk in a beautiful blue lake with a green forest around it. Princess Charlita smiled and looked happy after that. Every body looked happy, too. “I know why are you so my beautiful daughter. Now, I promise I will environment green. I regret for always destroying it. Finally, the environment around the kingdom became so beautiful and green, full of plants. Then, the young handsome man got a prize from the king. “I will marry you off my daughter.” said him. “That is the prize I promise for you. Thanks for keeping our environment well. Thanks for making my daughter happy again.”

Contoh Narrative Text (2)

The Legend of Rawa Pening

Once upon a time, there was a little poor boy came into a little village. He was very hungry and weak. He knocked at every door and asked for some food, but nobody cared about him. Nobody wanted to help the little boy.

Finally, a generous woman helped him. She gave him shelter and a meal. When the boy wanted to leave, this old woman gave him a “lesung”, a big wooden mortar for pounding rice. She reminded him, “please remember, if there is a flood you must save yourself. Use this “lesung” as a boat”. The “lesung” was happy and thanked the old woman.The little boy continued his journey. While he was passing through the village, he saw many people gathering on the field. The boy came closer and saw a stick stuck in the ground. People challenged each other to pull out that stick. Everybody tried, but nobody succeeded. “Can I try?” asked the little boy. The crowd laughed mockingly. The boy wanted to try his luck so he stepped forward and pulled out the stick. He could do it very easily. Everybody was dumbfounded.

Suddenly, from the hole left by stick, water spouted out. It did not stop until it flooded the village. And no one was saved from the water except the little boy and the generous old woman who gave him shelter and meal. As she told him, he used the “lesung” as a boat and picked up the old woman. The whole village became a huge lake. It is now known as Rawa Pening Lake in Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia.

Penjelasan Narrative Text (untuk tingkat Mahir)

 

Untuk mengetahui definisi dan penjelasan tentang narration (narrative text) sobat mahasiswa dan mahasiswi bisa membaca buku buku tentang writing di perpustakaan terdekat dan terlengkap, dan disini saya hanya akan mengutipkan pendapat Thomas S. Kane (2000: 363-364) di bawah ini:

A narrative is a meaningful sequence of events told in words. It is sequential in that the events are ordered, not merely random. Sequence always involves an arrangement in time (and usually other arrangements as well). A straightforward movement from the first event to the last constitutes the simplest chronology. However, chronology is sometimes complicated by presenting the events in another order: for example, a story may open with the final episode and then flash back to all that preceded it.

A narrative has meaning in that it conveys an evaluation of some kind. The writer reacts to the story he or she tells, and states or implies that reaction. This is the "meaning," sometimes called the "theme," of a story. Meaning must always be rendered. The writer has to do more than tell us the truth he sees in the story; he must manifest that truth in the characters and the action.

Characters and action are the essential elements of any story. Also important, but not as essential, is the setting, the place where the action occurs. Characters are usually people—sometimes actual people, as in history books or newspaper stories, sometimes imaginary ones, as in novels. Occasionally characters are animals (as in an Aesop fable), and sometimes a dominant feature of the environment functions almost like a character (the sea, an old house).

The action is what the characters say and do and anything that happens to them, even if it arises from a nonhuman source—a storm, for instance, or a fire. Action is often presented in the form of a plot. Action is, so to speak, the raw material; plot, the finished product, the fitting together of the bits and pieces of action into a coherent pattern. Usually, though not invariably, plot takes the form of a cause-and effect chain: event A produces event B; B leads to C; C to D; and so on until the final episode, X. In a well-constructed plot of this kind we can work back from X to A and see the connections that made the end of the story likely and perhaps inevitable.

Stories can be very long and complicated, with many characters, elaborate plots, and subtle interpenetration of character, action, and setting. In writing that is primarily expository, however, narratives are shorter and simpler. Most often they are factual rather than imaginary, as when an historian describes an event. And often in exposition an illustration may involve a simple narrative. Being able to tell a story, then, while not the primary concern of the expository writer, is a skill which he or she will now and again be called upon to use.

Demikianlah penjelasan dan kumpulan contoh narrative text yang bisa dihadirkan dalam kesempatan ini. Semoga bisa bermanfaat untuk kita semua.

Referensi :

Kane, Thomas. S. 2000.The Oxford Essential Guide to Writing. New York: Barkley Books.

Sumber : http://www.englishindo.com

REGULAR INFLECTIONS

Inflections are the way that the ending of a word changes when you use the word in different ways. For example, you say ‘I read’ but ‘he reads’.

The inflections of some words are irregular, especially the past tense of common verbs (e.g. buy changes to bought in the past tense).With irregular inflections, you cannot simply work them out . You just have to learn them. All of these irregular inflections are shown in the dictionary next to the word that you are looking up.

The two pages here show you what happens with inflections that are not irregular. There are easy rules for regular inflections and you can use these rules to work out how a particular word changes. The following tables show you how nouns, adjectives and verbs change their endings.

Nouns

Most nouns form their plural by adding -s.

chair – chairs, plate – plates

Nouns which end in -s, -ss, -ch, -x and -z make their plurals by adding –es

mass – masses, match – matches

Nouns which end in a consonant (e.g.m, t, p) + y form their plurals by taking away the -y and adding -ies

baby – babies, university – universities

Nouns which end in a vowel (e.g. a, e, o) + y form their plurals by adding -s

tray – trays, toy – toys

Adjectives

Comparative       this is used to show that someone    you can either add -er

form of                 or something has more of a                to the end of the adjective,

adjectives            particular quality than someone        or use the word more

                              or something else                                 before it (see below)

Superlative          this is used to show that someone    you can either add -est to

form of                  or something has more of a                the end of the adjective,

adjectives             particular quality than anyone          or use the word most

                               or anything else                                   before it (see below)

One-syllable        these adjectives usually form their   small, smaller, smallest

adjectives             comparative and superlative with

                               -er and –est

Two-syllable        these adjectives can all form their     complex, more complex,

adjectives            comparative and superlative with      most complex

                              more and most

Three-syllable    these adjectives usually form their    beautiful, more beautiful,

adjectives            comparative and superlative with       most beautiful

                              more and most

Regular inflections (continued)

Note:

Some two-syllable adjectives can form the comparative and superlative with -er and -est too. The most common of these are:

adjectives ending in -y and -ow

happy – happier, happiest

noisy – noisier, noisiest

shallow – shallower, shallowest

adjectives ending in -le

able – abler, ablest

noble – nobler, noblest

simple – simpler, simplest

some other common two-syllable adjectives which can take -er and -est

common, cruel, handsome, pleasant, polite, quiet, wicked

When you are using the -er, -est forms, if the adjective ends in -e, take away the -e before adding the ending: pale, paler, palest

If the adjective ends in -y, change this to -i before adding the ending: happy, happier, happiest

Verbs

For regular verbs add the following endings:

3rd person singular    add -s        pack – packs

Present participle        add -ing    pack – packing

Past tense and the        add -ed     pack – packed

past participle

Note:

For verbs ending in -s, -ss, -ch, -x, or -z you need to add -es for the third person singular ending (e.g. reach, reaches), but the present participle, past tense and past participle are the same as other regular verbs: reach, reaches, reaching, reached.

For verbs ending in -e, take away the -e before adding the present participle, past tense, and past participle endings: hate, hates, hating, hated.

For verbs ending in a consonant followed by -y, for the present participle take away the -y and add -ies, and for the past tense and past participle take away the -y and add -ied: cry, cries, crying, cried.

Verbs ending in a vowel followed by -y are regular: play, plays, playing, played.

SUMMARY

·         If a word has irregular inflections these are shown in the dictionary next to the word.

·         You can work out all regular inflections by using these pages.

·         You need to look at the last letters of nouns and verbs to be sure that you have got the right rules for producing their regular inflections.

VARIETIES OF ENGLISH

Labels in the dictionary give information about different varieties of English:

US          American English

AUS        Australian and New Zealand English

UK         British English

As well as British English there are these additional varieties:

Northern English              Scottish English             Irish English

Differences in words

Differences between varieties of English are clearly marked in the dictionary. For example, this entry shows that duvet is British English and that American English has a different word.

duvet UK /_du_.ve/ US /–_–/ noun [C] (UK ALSO continental quilt, US comforter) a large soft flat bag filled with feathers or artificial material used on a bed

Grammar differences

The grammars of American and British English are basically quite similar, but here are some important ways in which American English differs from British English:

The past forms of some verbs

In American English some irregular verbs can have a form of the past simple or past participle that is not used in British English.

He dived / (US also) dove into the pool.

Jake has got / (US usually) gotten really fat.

The past simple

In many situations where British English uses the present perfect form of the verb, American English uses the past simple:

UK                                                        US

I think I’ve lost my camera.                   I think I lost my camera.

Thanks, but I’ve already eaten.             Thanks, but I already ate.

Different prepositions

UK                                                        US

The shop is open from Monday              The shop is open Monday through Saturday.

to Saturday.                                          

It’s a quarter past seven.                      It’s a quarter after seven.

Differences in spelling

In American English,words tend to be spelt more simply or more like the way they are pronounced. Compare the following British and American spellings:

UK                    US                                 UK                                US

equalled           equaled                        litre                              liter

plough              plow                             honour                          honor

Australian English usually follows British spellings, although there are some American spellings that are also acceptable.